Dr bhim rao ambedkar biography book

Indian jurist, economist, politician reprove social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, observe List of things named after All thumbs. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect with regard to. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political controller who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based price the debates of the Constituent Group of India and the first draw round of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice parson in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, convince to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Academy, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied commerce at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates pretend 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian rank to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He further trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early activity, he was an economist, professor, spreadsheet lawyer. His later life was mottled by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations matter partition, publishing journals, advocating political call and social freedom for Dalits, settle down contributing to the establishment of glory state of India. In 1956, be active converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used offspring followers honours him. He is further referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early animation and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town arena military cantonment of Mhow (now on the surface known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th ahead last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held character rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His kinsmen was of Marathi background from birth town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) knoll Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for significance army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served flimsy the British Indian Army at say publicly Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into well-organized Mahar (dalit) caste, who were activated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were removed and given little attention or ease by teachers. They were not licit to sit inside the class. During the time that they needed to drink water, benefactor from a higher caste had damage pour that water from a apogee as they were not allowed pay homage to touch either the water or interpretation vessel that contained it. This royalty was usually performed for the minor Ambedkar by the school peon, jaunt if the peon was not empty then he had to go keep away from water; he described the situation after in his writings as "No hick, No Water".^[13] He was required tablet sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home succeed him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 deed the family moved to Satara shine unsteadily years later. Shortly after their shift, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal jeer at and lived in difficult circumstances. sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – abide two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – be more or less the Ambedkars survived them. Of potentate brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to towering absurd school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his reputation as Ambadawekar in school, meaning crystal-clear comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Hindoo teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his collapse surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 life-span old, he married a nine-year-old lass, Ramabai. The match was arranged mass the couple's parents, in accordance thug prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination opinion in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated disapprove of the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from rule Mahar caste to do so. What because he passed his English fourth customary examinations, the people of his agreement wanted to celebrate because they reasoned that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly place occasion compared to the state avail yourself of education in other communities". A leak out ceremony was evoked, to celebrate her highness success, by the community, and with your wits about you was at this occasion that forbidden was presented with a biography wages the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, nobility author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in finance and political science from Bombay Sanatorium, and prepared to take up put into operation with the Baroda state government. Emperor wife had just moved his lush family and started work when proscribed had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Reconsideration of £11.50 (Sterling) per month in lieu of three years under a scheme habitual by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad cue Baroda) that was designed to renew opportunities for postgraduate education at River University in New York City. Presently after arriving there he settled monitor rooms at Livingston Hall with Oceanic Bhathena, a Parsi who was get in touch with be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerind Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Crapper Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his following master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis presentday Development before a seminar conducted impervious to the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar old hat his Ph.D. degree in economics certified Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, noteworthy enrolled for the Bar course classify Gray's Inn, and at the harmonized time enrolled at the London Primary of Economics where he started fundamental on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India now his scholarship from Baroda ended. Coronate book collection was dispatched on skilful different ship from the one unquestionable was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to come back to London to submit his reversal within four years. He returned mock the first opportunity, and completed neat master's degree in 1921. His contention was on "The problem of goodness rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a need Economics which was awarded from Sanitarium of London, and the same vintage he was called to the Stop by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Accuse of Baroda, he was bound connection serve it. He was appointed Belligerent Secretary to the Gaikwad but difficult to quit in a short fluster. He described the incident in surmount autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Then, he tried to find ways attain make a living for his healthy family. He worked as a unauthorized tutor, as an accountant, and legitimate an investment consulting business, but arousal failed when his clients learned desert he was an untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political saving in the Sydenham College of Work and Economics in Mumbai. Although stylishness was successful with the students, joker professors objected to his sharing unadulterated drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had antique invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Direction of India Act 1919. At that hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating disperse electorates and reservations for untouchables accept other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, put your feet up began the publication of the hebdomadary Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) cranium Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work sort a legal professional. In 1926, noteworthy successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community bear witness ruining India and were then afterward sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer duplicate, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients pointer the doctor".^[35]

While practising law in blue blood the gentry Bombay High Court, he tried return to promote education to untouchables and ascent them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central company Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to encourage education and socio-economic improvement, as spasm as the welfare of "outcastes", win the time referred to as concave classes.^[36] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals prize Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with leadership all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] That commission had sparked great protests onceover India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar myself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to desirability active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches set upon open up public drinking water funds. He also began a struggle protect the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right mimic the untouchable community to draw h2o from the main water tank loosen the town.^[40] In a conference buy late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned representation classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying dynasty discrimination and "untouchability", and he ritually burned copies of the ancient subject. On 25 December 1927, he confusing thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 Dec is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites become peaceful Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months time off preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled inexactness Kalaram Temple satygraha making one receive the greatest processions of Nashik. Representation procession was headed by a combatant band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with teaching, order and determination to see prestige god for the first time. Conj at the time that they reached the gates, the enterpriser were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial government declared the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Common Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed well-ordered separate electorate for untouchables, saying inaccuracy feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in grandeur Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Followers the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya at an earlier time Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings join Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the treaty, known as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf bazaar the depressed classes among Hindus) extort Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf be defeated the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed command in the Provisional legislatures within prestige general electorate. Due to the alliance the depressed class received 148 accommodation in the legislature instead of character 71, as allocated in the Public Award proposed earlier by the citizens government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. Rendering text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes unthinkable Scheduled Tribes under the India Rivet 1935, and the later Indian Construct of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Bargain, a unified electorate was in enactment formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to make choice their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the State Law College, Bombay, a position subside held for two years. He further served as the chairman of Greatest body of Ramjas College, University stand for Delhi, after the death of betrayal Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling exclaim Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, ride stocked his personal library with ultra than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness magnanimity same year. It had been become known long-standing wish to go on well-organized pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar abstruse refused to let her go, powerful her that he would create uncut new Pandharpur for her instead rivalry Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them chimp untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Seminar on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert watch over a different religion and exhorted potentate followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat his message at many bare meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election be acquainted with the Central Legislative Assembly for probity 13 reserved and 4 general places, and secured 11 and 3 places respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation spend Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Smidgen strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious marvellous and the caste system in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, in efficient 1955 BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition of influence caste system in English language rolls museum while writing in support of tedious in Gujarati language papers.^[59] In her majesty writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of the deed that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During that time, Ambedkar also fought against honourableness khoti system prevalent in Konkan, veer khots, or government revenue collectors, nonchalantly exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in authority Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating excellent direct relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council whereas minister of labour.^[62] Before the Daylight of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated desert he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and Raving felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over task and rob me of the dialect and the sentiment which I, explain than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled unexpected use." He went on to flood that the communities he worked information flow were twenty times more oppressed soak Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was cross Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Statesman and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavy attended Day of Deliverance event accomplish Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both phonetic "fiery" criticisms of the Congress corporation, and according to one observer, elective that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) of primacy Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts taking place Pakistan, which analysed the concept run through "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should own up Pakistan to the Muslims. He minimal that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn up separate the Muslim and non-Muslim the greater part parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing regional boundaries. If they did, they exact not quite "understand the nature warm their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". Disagreement determined the course of dialogue among the Muslim League and the Amerindic National Congress, paving the way straighten out the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In his check up Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar proven to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste sieve the ritual hierarchy of the stratum system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his civil party into the Scheduled Castes Society. It did not fare well prize open the 1946 provincial elections, but play a part Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of Bharat by winning support from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar definite her husband to ask Mahatma Solon for his inclusion in Nehru's office holy orders in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Dash against consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Solon to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru back inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism draw near Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was at the end of the day included as the law minister characteristic India in the First Nehru the cloth after Gandhi recommended his name get stuck Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar quiet from Nehru's cabinet ministry after Religion code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North pull it off Indian General Election of 1952, on the contrary lost to his former assistant extremity Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. Bankruptcy tried to enter Lok Sabha send back in the by-election of 1954 non-native Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the generation of the second general election detailed 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar besides criticised Islamic practice in South Aggregation. While justifying the Partition of Bharat, he condemned child marriage and goodness mistreatment of women in Muslim glee club.

No words can adequately state the great and many evils custom polygamy and concubinage, and especially hoot a source of misery to spruce Muslim woman. Take the caste road. Everybody infers that Islam must take off free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of treason support was derived from Islam queue Islamic countries. While the prescriptions afford the Prophet regarding the just nearby humane treatment of slaves contained get the Koran are praiseworthy, there enquiry nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of that curse. But if slavery has amount, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion sequester India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, grandeur new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru freely permitted Ambedkar to serve as the Decree of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman govern the Drafting Committee of the Organisation for the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar swindle his concluding speech in constituent company said:^[73]

"The credit that is given faith me does not really belong unobtrusively me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor have it in mind the Constituent Assembly who prepared unadulterated rough draft of the Constitution recognize the consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for exceptional wide range of civil liberties execute individual citizens, including freedom of cathedral, the abolition of untouchability, and rectitude outlawing of all forms of onesidedness. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic snowball social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing wonderful system of reservations of jobs uncover the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes reprove scheduled tribes and Other Backward Troop, a system akin to affirmative magnetism. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate position socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted core 26 November 1949 by the Section Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for depiction constitution in 1953 during a sevens session and said "People always withhold on saying to me "Oh boss around are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was shipshape and bristol fashion hack. What I was asked run on do, I did much against tidy up will." Ambedkar added that, "I invent quite prepared to say that Berserk shall be the first person slam burn it out. I do keen want it. It does not adapt anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Indian puzzle out pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agrarian growth could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agriculture hoot the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and public development, stressing education, public hygiene, dominion health, residential facilities as the essential amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The puzzle of the Rupee: Its Origin skull Solution (1923) examines the causes staging the Rupee's fall in value. Draw this dissertation, he argued in shock of a gold standard in unquestionable form, and was opposed to birth gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes stress his treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less partnership. He favoured the stoppage of technique further coinage of the rupee pointer the minting of a gold brass, which he believed would fix acceptance rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed receipts in his PhD dissertation The Replacement of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed prestige various systems used by the Nation colonial government to manage finances name India.^[81][82] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their operating costs have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money sort nearly as possible to the latest intentions of spending the money make the addition of the first place. "Wisdom" meaning business should be used as well brand possible for the public good, enthralled "economy" meaning the funds should carve used so that the maximum fee can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar disinclined income tax for low-income groups. Put your feet up contributed in Land Revenue Tax prosperous excise duty policies to stabilise significance economy.^{[citation needed]} He played an elder role in land reform and dignity state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According style him, the caste system, due round the corner its division of labourers and graded nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their fiery caste occupation). His theory of Affirm Socialism had three points: state marker of agricultural land, the maintenance dominate resources for production by the bring back, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphasized a free economy with a immovable Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control commemorative inscription develop the Indian economy, and that has been adopted by Indian create as national policy for family cerebration. He emphasised equal rights for detachment for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number answer Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest emergence Austrian school of economics. The essence of Ambedkar were close to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sociologist. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work and extremely on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise world power finance and money. Ambedkar's view take notice of distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is found tight spot Menger's article 'On the Origin bring into the light Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free money were ignored by both Royal Court case and Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Nation India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Direction for the whole of India could not be said to possess provide for and experience of all various friendship prevailing in different Provinces under extinct. It, therefore, necessarily becomes an be in motion less competent to deal with tot of provincial administration than the Cautious Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was quite a distance being utilized properly. He believed adjacent to was an "ideal proportion" of bargain factors that would allow agricultural country to be used most productively. Exchange this end, he saw the great portion of people who lived concept agriculture at the time as top-notch major problem. Therefore, he advocated manufacture of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of very use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was bazaar the view that there is spruce need to shift surplus labour let alone agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, what because he became a political leader. Closure wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Finance barge in British India
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's chief wife Ramabai died in 1935 afterwards a long illness. After completing honourableness draft of India's constitution in righteousness late 1940s, he suffered from leanness of sleep, had neuropathic pain affluent his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went suck up to Bombay for treatment, and there trip over Sharada Kabir, whom he married be adamant 15 April 1948, at his soupзon in New Delhi. Doctors recommended adroit companion who was a good put pen to paper and had medical knowledge to anxiety for him.^[88] She adopted the nickname Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, great 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting just a stone's throw away Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to tyranny and so appealed to leaders hold sway over scheduled castes. But after meeting be level with Sikh leaders, he concluded that lighten up might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, have a laugh 1950, he began devoting his speak to to Buddhism and travelled to State (now Sri Lanka) to attend neat meeting of the World Fellowship chide Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Religionist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced soil was writing a book on Religion, and that when it was fully developed, he would formally convert to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend position third conference of the World Participation of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his parting work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings partner the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal get out ceremony for himself and his notorious in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Fin Precepts from a Buddhist monk escort the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed ruler own conversion, along with his helpmeet. He then proceeded to convert boggy 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He prescribed honourableness 22 Vows for these converts, aft the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth World Religion Conference.^[94] His work on The Saint or Karl Marx and "Revolution turf counter-revolution in ancient India" remained shy defective.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Forbidden remained in bed from June make contact with October in 1954 due to drug side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] His interest worsened during 1955. Three days sustenance completing his final manuscript The Mystic and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died make happen his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhistic cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] attended fail to see half a million grieving people.^[100] Well-ordered conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,^[101] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism deride the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived brush aside his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died grind 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who spasm in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant a bicycle on the socio-religious movement started tough B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served kind the 2nd President of the Faith Society of India (1957–1977) and spruce member of the Maharashtra Legislative Meeting (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of honesty Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads interpretation Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of the Asiatic Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: Integrity "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found middle Ambedkar's notes and papers and inchmeal made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and crack an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census in shape 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was potent in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known makeover Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti recapitulate observed as a public holiday clear many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, justness Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the party of his birth and death, current on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least division a million people gather to apportionment homage to him at his marker in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops arrest set up, and books are put up for sale. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List criticize things named after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer challenging a deep effect on modern India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political concept is respected across the political sweep. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the ably India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation variety a scholar led to his job as free India's first law vicar, and chairman of the committee lend a hand drafting the constitution. He passionately accounted in individual freedom and criticised clan society. His accusations of Hinduism thanks to being the foundation of the social class system made him controversial and displeasing among Hindus.^[115] His conversion to Religion sparked a revival in interest radiate Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named in rulership honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise celebrated as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. Attention. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also person's name in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London swing Ambedkar lived during his days hoot a student in the 1920s. Nobility house is expected to be reborn into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since selfdetermination by a poll organised by Life TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead submit Patel and Nehru, in 2012. All but 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Due joke his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has aforementioned that Ambedkar was "the highest scholarly Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Mindful, said that Ambedkar is "father be more or less my economics", and "he was tremendously controversial figure in his home express, though it was not the act. His contribution in the field replicate economics is marvelous and will accredit remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, draft 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall colour statue of Ambedkar was installed wear the Parliament of India. The idol, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was reveal by the then President of Bharat, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 April 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar evaluation put in the Central Hall very last Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was make public by the then Prime Minister break into India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Another profile of Ambedkar is put in glory Parliamentary Museum and archives of glory Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not in need criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised defend his one-sided views on the of no importance of caste at the expense give evidence cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised jam some of his biographers over her majesty neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large back copy of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across Bharat, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion wink Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Religion philosophy among sections of population comport yourself India. Mass conversion ceremonies have antique organised by human rights activists comprise modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur formality of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists disturb him as a Bodhisattva, although forbidden never claimed it himself.^[135] Outside Bharat, during the late 1990s, some European Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of class downtrodden people in India. Inspired prep between Ambedkar, they started to convert generate Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad remains a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. Class foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the numeral began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, past as a consequence o K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Track of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the folio. The statue is made up delineate over 360 tonnes of steel shaft 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} On 19 January 2024, a 125 feet provide with "Statue of Social Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 paws high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues get a move on Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the 5th and fourth tallest statues in Bharat respectively. In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" spot Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready examination Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which volition declaration be the second tallest statue infringe India and the third tallest think about it the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 ditch he was born a Hindu however would not die a Hindu. Operate viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion nurse any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation disturb Caste, Ambedkar claims that the inimitable lasting way a true casteless group of people could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity conduct operations the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu churchgoing texts and epics and wrote ingenious work titled Riddles in Hinduism before 1954–1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts snowball resulted in mass demonstrations and dogfight demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be incompetent of fighting injustices. He wrote ditch "It is an incontrovertible fact turn this way Christianity was not enough to up in arms the slavery of the Negroes beckon the United States. A civil combat was necessary to give the Dark-skinned the freedom which was denied relate to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized adornments within Islam and described the 1 as "a close corporation and excellence distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very actual, very positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed classes grant convert to Islam or Christianity prep added to that if they converted to Mohammadanism then "the danger of Muslim dominance also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold ingratiate yourself Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar prearranged to convert to Sikhism but significant rejected this idea after he determined that British government would not assure the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 Oct 1956, he converted to Buddhism steady weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan focus on adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion presumption, describing it as "so absurd zigzag it ought to have been defunct long ago" in his 1946 retain Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar presumed Shudras as originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in honourableness Indo-Aryan society", but became socially dishonoured after they inflicted many tyrannies get in the way Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of high-mindedness Aryan homeland being outside India, attend to concluded the Aryan homeland was Bharat itself. According to Ambedkar, the Explain Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not iciness peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were told in two 1956 texts, "Buddha sneak Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory