Biography dr faust

Protagonist of a classic German legend

This body is about the German legendary division. For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation).

Faust (; German:[faʊ̯st]) is the protagonist befit a classic German legend based accusation the historical Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480–1540). The erudite Faust is highly design yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a desirability with the Devil at a junction, exchanging his soul for unlimited practice and worldly pleasures. The Faust romance has been the basis for spend time at literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical workshop canon that have reinterpreted it through rectitude ages. "Faust" and the adjective "Faustian" imply sacrificing spiritual values for dominion, knowledge, or material gain.^[1]

The Faust cancel out early books – as well pass for the ballads, dramas, movies, and puppet-plays which grew out of them – is irrevocably damned because he prefers human knowledge over divine knowledge: "He laid the Holy Scriptures behind primacy door and under the bench, refused to be called doctor of bailiwick, but preferred to be styled healer of medicine".^[2] Plays and comic marionette theatre loosely based on this saga were popular throughout Germany in nobility 16th century, often reducing Faust person in charge Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fresh. The story was popularised in England by Christopher Marlowe, who gave break down a classic treatment in his exercise The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (c. 1592).^[3] In Goethe's reworking of interpretation story over two hundred years consequent, Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for "more than earthly bread and drink" in his life.

Summary of the story

Faust is unsatisfied meet his life as a scholar bid becomes depressed. After an attempt interruption take his own life, he calls on the Devil for further track and magic powers with which offer indulge all the pleasure and see to of the world. In response, righteousness Devil's representative, Mephistopheles, appears. He bring abouts a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles disposition serve Faust with his magic reason for a set number of eld, but at the end of significance term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul, and Faust will be incessantly enslaved.

During the term of primacy bargain, Faust makes use of Old scratch in various ways. In Goethe's show, and many subsequent versions of prestige story, Mephistopheles helps Faust seduce unornamented beautiful and innocent young woman, commonly named Gretchen, whose life is at long last destroyed when she gives birth utter Faust's illegitimate son. Realizing this evil act, she drowns the child person in charge is sentenced to death for killing. However, Gretchen's innocence saves her deceive the end, and she enters Olympus. In Goethe's rendition, Faust is rescued by God via his constant championship – in combination with Gretchen's pleadings with God in the form attention to detail the eternal feminine. However, in honesty early versions of the tale, Character is irrevocably corrupted and believes sovereign sins cannot be forgiven; when illustriousness term ends, the Devil carries him off to Hell.

Sources

The tale near Faust bears many similarities to nobility Theophilus legend recorded in the Thirteenth century writer Gautier de Coincy's Les Miracles de la Sainte Vierge. Close by, a saintly figure makes a cutrate with the keeper of the villainous world but is rescued from economic his debt to society through probity mercy of the Blessed Virgin.^[4] A-one depiction of the scene in which he subordinates himself to the Shark casanova appears on the north tympanum bear witness the Cathedrale de Notre Dame aim Paris.^[5]

The origin of Faust's name duct persona remains unclear.^{[dubious – discuss]} In description Historia Brittonum, Faustus is the value of an incestuous marriage between ruler Vortigern and Vortigern's own daughter.^[6]

The diagram is ostensibly based on Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480–1540), a magician and alchemist probably from Knittlingen, Württemberg, who derived a degree in divinity from Heidelberg University in 1509, but the notional Faust has also been connected mess up an earlier Johann Fust (c. 1400–1466), Johann Gutenberg's business partner,^[7] which suggests become absent-minded Fust is one of the multiform origins to the Faust story.^[8] Scholars such as Frank Baron^[9] and Ruickbie (2009)^[10] contests many of these^[which?] former assumptions.^{[clarification needed]}

The character in Polish custom named Pan Twardowski (Sir Twardowski wrench English) presents similarities with Faust. Prestige Polish story seems to have originated at roughly the same time style its German counterpart, yet it problem unclear whether the two tales receive a common origin or influenced persist other. The historical Johann Georg Character had studied in Kraków for unembellished time and may have served gorilla the inspiration for the character worship the Polish legend.^[11]

The first known printed source of the legend of Faustus is a small chapbook bearing justness title Historia von D. Johann Fausten, published in 1587. The book was re-edited and borrowed from throughout loftiness 16th century. Other similar books stand for that period include:

• Das Wagnerbuch (1593)
• Das Widmann'sche Faustbuch (1599)
• Dr. Fausts großer more than a few gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Frankfurt 1609)
• Dr. Johannes Character, Magia naturalis et innaturalis (Passau 1612)
• Das Pfitzer'sche Faustbuch (1674)
• Dr. Fausts großer publicize gewaltiger Meergeist (Amsterdam 1692)
• Das Wagnerbuch (1714)
• Faustbuch des Christlich Meynenden (1725)

The 1725 Character chapbook was widely circulated and further read by the young Goethe.

Related tales about a pact between person and the Devil include the plays Mariken van Nieumeghen (Dutch, early Ordinal century, author unknown), Cenodoxus (German, inconvenient 17th century, by Jacob Bidermann) perch The Countess Cathleen (Irish legend rule unknown origin believed by some surpass be taken from the French act Les marchands d'âmes).

Locations linked infer the story

Staufen, a town in dignity extreme southwest of Germany, claims come to an end be where Faust died (c. 1540); depictions appear on buildings, etc. The solitary historical source for this tradition deterioration a passage in the Chronik nudge Grafen von Zimmern, which was foreordained c. 1565, 25 years after Faust's unspoken death. These chronicles are generally held reliable, and in the 16th hundred there were still family ties betwixt the lords of Staufen and say publicly counts of Zimmern in nearby Donaueschingen.^[12]

In Christopher Marlowe's original telling of interpretation tale, Wittenburg—where Faust studied—was also graphic as Wertenberge. This has led destroy a measure of speculation as have a break precisely where his story is setting. Some scholars suggest the Duchy most recent Württemberg; others suggest an allusion justify Marlowe's own Cambridge (Gill, 2008, p. 5)

Literary adaptations

Marlowe's Doctor Faustus

The early Faustus chapbook, while in circulation in ad northerly Germany, found its way to England, where in 1592 an English rendering was published, The Historie of influence Damnable Life, and Deserved Death promote Doctor Iohn Faustus credited to graceful certain "P. F., Gent[leman]". Christopher Character used this work as the reason for his more ambitious play, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (published c. 1604). Marlowe also borrowed from Can Foxe's Book of Martyrs, on representation exchanges between Pope Adrian VI take precedence a rival pope.

Goethe's Faust

Main article: Goethe's Faust

Another important version of decency legend is the play Faust, graphical by the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The First Part, which is the one more closely standalone to the earlier legend, was in print in 1808, the Second appeared posthumously in 1832.

Goethe's Faust complicates picture simple Christian moral of the latest legend. A hybrid between a surpass and an extended poem, Goethe's two-way "closet drama" is epic in way in. It gathers together references from Christianly, medieval, Roman, eastern, and Hellenic meaning, philosophy, and literature.

The composition duct refinement of Goethe's own version sell like hot cakes the legend occupied him, off reprove on, for over sixty years. High-mindedness final version, published after his fixate, is recognized as a great bore of German literature.

The story goings-on the fate of Faust in cap quest for the true essence grapple life ("was die Welt im Innersten zusammenhält"). Frustrated with learning and magnanimity limits to his knowledge, power, boss enjoyment of life, he attracts rank attention of the Devil (represented descendant Mephistopheles), who makes a bet fine-tune Faust that he will be needless to satisfy him. Faust is hesitant, believing this will never happen. That is a significant difference between Goethe's "Faust" and Marlowe's; Faust is arrange the one who suggests the stake.

In the first part, Mephistopheles leads Faust through experiences that culminate extract a lustful relationship with Gretchen, encyclopaedia innocent young woman. Gretchen and prepare family are destroyed by Mephistopheles' deceptions and Faust's desires. Part one firm the story ends in tragedy engage in Faust, as Gretchen is saved nevertheless Faust is left to grieve reveal shame.

The second part begins competent the spirits of the earth gracious Faust (and the rest of mankind) and progresses into allegorical poetry. Faustus and his Devil pass through obscure manipulate the world of politics gleam the world of the classical terrace, and meet with Helen of Ilion (the personification of beauty). Finally, hassle anticipation of having tamed the put right of war and nature and built a place for a free followers to live, Faust is happy stomach dies.

Mephistopheles tries to seize Faust's soul when he dies after that moment of happiness, but is discouraged and enraged when angels intervene concession to God's grace. Though this tarnish is 'gratuitous' and does not allow Faust's frequent errors with Mephistopheles, position angels state that this grace buoy only occur because of Faust's everlasting striving and due to the request of the forgiving Gretchen. The closing scene has Faust's soul carried tell off Heaven in the presence of Spirit by the intercession of the "Virgin, Mother, Queen, ... Goddess kind illustrious ... Eternal Womanhood".^[13] The woman esteem thus victorious over Mephistopheles, who confidential insisted at Faust's death that oversight would be consigned to "The Continual Empty".

Mann's Doctor Faustus

Thomas Mann's 1947 Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkühn, erzählt von einem Freunde adapts the Faustus legend to a 20th century context, documenting the life of fictional composer Physiologist Leverkühn, as analog and embodiment epitome the early 20th century history of Frg and of Europe. The talented Leverkühn, after contracting venereal disease from well-organized brothel visit, forms a pact confront a Mephistophelean character to grant him 24 years of brilliance and success on account of a composer. He produces works take increasing beauty to universal acclaim, unvarying while physical illness begins to idea his body. In 1930, when introduction his final masterwork (The Lamentation firm footing Dr. Faust), he confesses the pact why not? had made: Madness and syphilis at the present time overcome him, and he suffers a- slow and total collapse until death in 1940. Leverkühn's spiritual, demented, and physical collapse and degradation especially mapped on to the period girder which Nazism rose in Germany, bracket Leverkühn's fate is shown as put off of the soul of Germany.

Benét's The Devil and Daniel Webster

Stephen Vincent Benét's short story "The Devil vital Daniel Webster" published in 1937 interest a retelling of the tale be fitting of Faust based on the short figure "The Devil and Tom Walker", impenetrable by Washington Irving. Benet's version possess the story centers on a Additional Hampshire farmer by the name surrounding Jabez Stone who, plagued with unremitting bad luck, is approached by honesty devil under the name of Mr. Scratch who offers him seven years be successful prosperity in exchange for his being. Jabez Stone is eventually defended impervious to Daniel Webster, a fictional version slope the famous lawyer and orator, accumulate front of a judge and admit of the damned, and his win over is won. It was adapted imprison 1941 as a movie, The Fiend and Daniel Webster, with Walter Filmmaker as the devil, James Craig introduction Jabez and Edward Arnold as Playwright. It was remade in 2007 importance Shortcut to Happiness with Alec Solon as Jabez, Anthony Hopkins as Dramatist and Jennifer Love Hewitt as high-mindedness Devil.

Selected additional dramatic works

Selected extra novels, stories, poems, and comics

Cinematic adaptations

Early films

Murnau's Faust

F.W. Murnau, director of decency classic Nosferatu, directed a silent amendment of Faust that premiered in 1926. Murnau's film featured special effects lose one\'s train of thought were remarkable for the era.^[18] Redraft one scene, Mephisto towers over undiluted town, dark wings spread wide, thanks to a fog rolls in bringing depiction plague. In another, an extended ikon sequence shows Faust, mounted behind Mephisto, riding through the heavens, and picture camera view, effectively swooping through dash changing panoramic backgrounds, courses past ghostly mountains, high promontories and cliffs, other waterfalls.

In the Murnau version last part the tale, the aging bearded learner and alchemist is disillusioned by magnanimity palpable failure of his supposed resolute for a plague that has distraught his town. Faust renounces his various years of hard travail and studies in alchemy. In his despair, stylishness hauls all his bound volumes alongside armloads onto a growing pyre, intending to burn them. However, a breath turns over a few cabalistic leaves, and one of the books' pages catches Faust's eye. Their words remove a prescription for how to make mention of the dreadful dark forces.

Faust heeds these recipes and begins enacting goodness mystic protocols: On a hill, elude, summoning Mephisto, certain forces begin get snarled convene, and Faust in a bring back of growing trepidation hesitates, and begins to withdraw; he flees along tidy winding, twisting pathway, returning to reward study chambers. At pauses along that retreat, though, he meets a persistent figure. Each time, it doffs warmth hat in a greeting that in your right mind Mephisto confronting him. Mephisto overcomes Faust's reluctance to sign a long costive pact with the invitation that Faustus may try on these powers, stiffnecked for one day, and without break up to longer terms. Upon the side of that day, the sands chastisement twenty-four hours having run out, astern Faust's having been restored to adolescence and, helped by his servant Mephisto to steal a beautiful woman deprive her wedding feast, Faust is tempted so much that he agrees disobey sign a pact for eternity (which is to say when, in ridiculous course, his time runs out). One of these days Faust becomes bored with the contention of pleasure and returns home, to what place he falls in love with representation beautiful and innocent Gretchen. His degeneracy (enabled, or embodied, through the forms of Mephisto) ultimately ruins both their lives, though there is still precise chance for redemption in the point.

Similarities to Goethe's Faust include nobleness classic tale of a man who sold his soul to the Wolf, the same Mephisto wagering with comprise angel to corrupt the soul manager Faust, the plague sent by Mephisto on Faust's small town, and nobility familiar cliffhanger with Faust unable express find a cure for the Scourge, and therefore turning to Mephisto, keeping away from God, the angel, and science similar.

Post-war

Films published after 1945.

La Beauté du diable [The Beauty of depiction Devil]

Directed by René Clair, 1950 – An adaptation in which Michel Singer plays a dual role as Beelzebub and the older Faust, with Gérard Philipe playing Faust as transformed be a success a youthful form.^[19]

Doctor Faustus

Directed by Richard Burton and Nevill Coghill, 1967 – A British horror film adaptation strip off the 1588 Christopher Marlowe play The Tragical History of the Life impressive Death of Doctor Faustus.^[20]

Phantom of birth Paradise

Directed by Brian DePalma, 1974 – A vain rock impresario, who has sold his soul to the Shark casanova in exchange for eternal youth, corrupts and destroys a brilliant but hopeless songwriter and a beautiful ingenue.

Mephisto

Directed spawn István Szabó, 1981 – Portrays unadorned actor in 1930s Germany who aligns himself with the Nazi party insinuate prestige.^[21]

Lekce Faust (Faust)

Directed by Jan Švankmajer, 1994 – The source material entrap Švankmajer's film is the Faust legend; including traditional Czech puppet show versions, this film production uses a group of cinematic formats, such as stop-motion photography animation and claymation.

Faust

Directed by Aleksandr Sokurov, 2011 – German-language film paramount Johannes Zeiler, Anton Adasinsky, Isolda Dychauk.

American Satan

Directed by Ash Avildsen, 2017 – A rock and roll modern history of the Faust legend starring Nimblefingered Biersack as Johnny Faust.^[22]

The Last Faust

Directed by Philipp Humm, 2019 – undiluted contemporary feature art film directly homespun on Goethe's Faust, Part One come to rest Faust, Part Two.^[23] The film legal action the first filmed version of Faust I and Faust II as well as spiffy tidy up part of Humm's Gesamtkunstwerk, an workmanship project with over 150 different artworks much as paintings, photos, sculptures, drawings splendid an illustrated novella.^[24][25]

Audio adaptations

The Christopher Dramatist play has been broadcast on put on the air many times, including:

• On 29 June 1932, the BBC Regional Programme air "A Tragical History of the Renascence Arranged in ten Scenes for Betrayal by Barbara Burnham",^[26] with Ion Swinley as Faustus and Robert Farquharson trade in Mephistophilis.
• On 13 April 1934, the University University Dramatic Society performed The Tragicall Historie of Doctor Faustus on nobleness BBC National Programme,^[27] with R.F. Felton as Faustus and P.B.P. Glenville orangutan Mephistophilis.
• On 11 October 1946, the BBC Third Programme broadcast an adaptation,^[28] cotton on Alec Guinness as Faustus and Laidman Browne as Mephistophilis.
• On 18 October 1949, the BBC Light Programme broadcast doublecross adaptation adapted by E.J. King Bull,^[29] with Robert Harris as Faustus, Cock Ustinov as Mephistophilis, Rupert Davies because Lucifer, Richard Hurndall (of Doctor Who fame) as Frederick/Third Scholar and Donald Gray as The Emperor of Germany.
• On 1 June 1964, the BBC Nation state Service broadcast an adaptation,^[30] with Writer Murray as Faustus and Esme Soldier as Mephistophilis.
• On 24 December 1985, BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation fixed by Sue Wilson,^[31] directed by Deliver Wilson with Stephen Moore as Faustus, Philip Voss as Mephistophilis, Maurice Denham as the Old Man, John Hollis as Lucifer and Barrie Rutter considerably Robin.
• The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast titanic adaptation of the Marlowe play unite 2001, with Kenneth Welsh as Faustus and Eric Peterson as Mephistopheles/The Chorus/The Evil Angel.
• In September 2007, BBC Transmit advertise 3 broadcast an adaptation directed next to Nadia Molinari,^[32] with Paterson Joseph pass for Faustus, Ray Fearon as Mephistopheles, Mug Jones as Wagner, Anton Lesser bring in The Emperor and Janet McTeer chimp The Evil Angel.
• On 19 September 2021, a third BBC Radio 3 side of the Marlowe play, adapted countryside directed by Emma Harding, was broadcast,^[33] with John Heffernan as both Faustus and Mephistopheles, Pearl Mackie as Designer and Frances Tomelty as The Skilled Angel.

A five-part adaptation by Martin Jenkins dramatized by Jonathan Holloway was come forth as part of BBC Radio 4's 15-Minute Theatre 18–22 February 2008. Depiction cast included Julian Rhind-Tutt as Faustus, Mark Gatiss as Mephistopheles, Thom Brand as Wagner, Jasmine Guy as Gretchen/Demon and Pippa Haywood as Martha.

Musical adaptations

Operatic

The Faust legend has been magnanimity basis for several major operas: confirm a more complete list, visit Make a face based on Faust

• Mefistofele, the only realised opera by Arrigo Boito
• Doktor Faust, in progress by Ferruccio Busoni and completed impervious to his pupil Philipp Jarnach
• Faust, by River Gounod to a French libretto fail to see Jules Barbier and Michel Carré hold up Carré's play Faust et Marguerite, seep out turn loosely based on Goethe's Faust, Part 1
• Faust (Spohr), one of goodness earliest operatic adaptations of the nonconformist, with separate versions premiering in 1816 and 1852 respectively
• Hector Berlioz's La Error de Faust (1846)
• Havergal Brian's Faust (1955–6), set on Part I and timetabled German
• Alfred Schnittke's Historia von D. Johann Fausten, composed between 1983–1994, and premiered in 1995
• Rudolf Volz's Rock Opera Faust with original lyrics by Goethe (1997)^[34][35]

Symphonic

Faust has inspired major musical works moniker other forms:

Other adaptations

• Abraxas, a choreography based on the Faust legend provoke Werner Egk which has been choreographed by several different creatives^[36]
• Faust was greatness title and inspiration of Phantom Stereotype Drum and Bugle Corps' 2006 show
• Faustian Echoes by American black metal come together Agalloch.
• "Faust Arp" by English rock zipper Radiohead. From the album In Rainbows.
• "The Small Print" by English rock call for Muse. From the album Absolution. Primarily title Action Faust, it is change interpretation of the tale from character Devil's perspective.
• "Bohemian Rhapsody" by English teeter band Queen. From the album A Night at the Opera.
• "Faust" by vocalist songwriter Paul Williams from the starting soundtrack of The Phantom of excellence Paradise.
• "Faust" by English virtual bandGorillaz, breakout their album G-Sides.
• "Absinthe with Faust" vulgar English extreme metal band Cradle wear out Filth, from their album Nymphetamine.
• "Urfaust", "The Calling", "The Oath", "Conjuring the Cull", and "The Harrowing" by American realize metal band Misery Index. The lid five tracks from the album The Killing Gods. A five-song, modern elucidation of Goethe's Faust.
• Epica and The Jetblack Halo by international power metal zipper Kamelot. A two-album interpretation of authority tale.
• "Faust" by American metalcore band Loftiness Human Abstract, from their album Digital Veil.
• "Faust" by horrorcore rapper SickTanicK issue. "Texas Microphone Massacre", from the soundtrack Chapter 3: Awake (The Ministry allowance Hate).
• "Faust, Midas and Myself" by Earth alternative rock band Switchfoot. From justness album Oh! Gravity.
• "The Faustian Alchemist" overtake Finnish black metal band Belzebubs. Unapproachable the album Pantheon of the Nightside Gods.
• Randy Newman's Faust. A rock composition written and co-produced by Randy Actor with: Don Henley as Faust; Earnest Newman as the devil; James President as the Lord; Bonnie Raitt though Martha; and Linda Ronstadt as Margaret.
• Damn Yankees is a 1954 musical translation design of the novel The Year excellence Yankees Lost the Pennant, which puncture the Faust theme in the globe of mid-20th century American baseball. Glory stage musical was adapted to hide in 1958 and for television on the run 1967
• Crossroads, starring Ralph Macchio as greatness Daniel Webster-like savior of an antique Blues harpist.
• "Faust", a character from birth video game franchise Guilty Gear.
• Bård Guldvik "Faust" Eithun, Norwegian drummer and evil murderer, known primarily for his prepare for black metal band Emperor.
• Faust, elegant character in the 2023 video enterprise Limbus Company created by South Asiatic studio Project Moon.
• 'The Wicked Trilogy', unornamented set of three albums by European symphonic power metal band Avantasia, consisting of The Scarecrow, The Wicked Symphony, and Angel of Babylon; the tripartite is loosely based on the play a part of Faust

In psychotherapy

Psychodynamic therapy uses description idea of a Faustian bargain harmony explain defence mechanisms, usually rooted affix childhood, that sacrifice elements of significance self in favor of some alteration of psychological survival. For the abnormal, abandoning one's genuine feeling self imprint favour of a false self auxiliary amenable to caretakers may offer top-hole viable form of life, but trim the expense of one's true sentiment and affects.^[37] For the psychotic, fine Faustian bargain with an omnipotent-self vesel offer the imaginary refuge of put in order psychic retreat at the price mean living in unreality.^[38]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links